Ultrasonic
debridement as a treatment for tendinopathy and desmitis is a relatively new
approach in orthopedic surgery. Previously only used in limited cases, this
procedure shows promise for treating ligament-bone and tendon-bone interface
injuries. We present a case study of a 2-year-old thoroughbred male horse,
unable to train due to recalcitrant symptoms after extensive conservative
management of suspensory branch desmitis (SBD). He was then treated with
ultrasonic debridement and concurrent manubrial stem cell autograft injection,
to treat the ultrasound visualized lesion. Post-surgically the patient
recovered quickly, began training within 6 weeks and went onto win several
races. Repeat ultrasound imaging reveals a complete restoration of the internal
fiber architecture of the ligament. With a 3 year follow-up, there has been
consistent training and race performance with no re-injury. This study is the
first to document the successful outcome of ultrasonic debridement with
concurrent stem cell injection in the treatment of equine desmitis.
Read more about this article: https://lupinepublishers.com/dairy-veterinary-science-journal/fulltext/ultrasonic-debridement-with-stem-cell-therapy-of-suspensory-branch-desmitis-in-an-equine-patient.ID.000135.php
In acutely facing the problem of remote consequences of influence on an organism of chemical substances, impact on reproductive function is important. In recent years, in farms and private farms specializing in the cultivation of cattle and small cattle, as well as rabbits, there are violations of reproductive function, manifested in infertility and spontaneous abortions, pre - and postimplantation developmental delay, physiological and behavioral changes in the offspring, malformations and transplacental effects, and often their etiology remains unclear.
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Opinion
Nowadays water pollution is the burning issue all over the world. Aquatic ecosystems are frequently contaminated with different toxicants through anthropogenic activities, and some of them such as metals may be naturally present and essential in low concentration but toxic and harmful in higher concentrations. Having in mind that not all chemical forms of pollutants are equally bioavailable, and some pollutants can be accumulated in living organisms to a greater extent than others, there is a need to study the levels of pollutants in the organisms to be able to predict the environmental risk. Thus, chemical analyses of the tissues of aquatic organisms are used as a routine approach in studies of aquatic pollution, providing a temporal integration of the levels of pollutants with biological relevance at higher concentrations than those present in water or sediment, and facilitating their quantification [1]. Fish are among the group of aquatic organisms which represent the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates. A number of characteristics make them excellent experimental models for toxicological research, especially for the contaminants which are likely to exert their impact on aquatic systems [2]. Due to feeding and living in the aquatic environments fish are particularly vulnerable and heavily exposed to pollution because they cannot escape from the detrimental effects of pollutants. Fish, in comparison with invertebrates, are more sensitive to many toxicants and are a convenient test subject for indication of ecosystem health. Heavy metals are produced from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. In aquatic environments, heavy metal pollution results from direct atmospheric deposition, geologic weathering or through the discharge of agricultural, municipal, residential or industrial waste products. Heavy metals are able to disturb the integrity of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in fish that are not only an important ecosystem component, but also used as a food source. Previous studies have shown that marine and farmed fish and shellfish are significant contributors to consumer intake of some contaminants due to their presence in the aquatic environment and their accumulation in the flesh of fish and shellfish. The objective of this article is to describe the effects of different persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals on the fish used as bioindicator of environmental pollution. Fish have been found to be good indicators of water contamination in aquatic systems because they occupy different trophic levels; they are of different sizes and ages and in comparison with invertebrates, are also more sensitive to many toxicants [3]. Last but not least, fish are the final chain of aquatic food web and an important food source for human. Therefore, some toxicants in aquatic environments can be transferred through food chain into humans.
The fish gills are multifunctional organs involved in ion transport, gas exchange, acid–base regulation and waste excretion. Given that the gills accounts for well over 50% of the surface area of a fish it is not surprising that one of the major target organs for waterborne toxicants is the gill. The gills are regarded as the important site for direct uptake from the water, whereas the body surface is generally assumed to play a minor role in xenobiotics uptake of fish. Thus, in teleost fish the gills are most frequently utilized in bioaccumulation studies and the pathological damage produced allows the toxicity of the environment to be defined, making fish highly suitable for evaluating the health of aquatic systems [4]. Fish metabolism, acting principally through the gills can be seriously damaged since toxicant incorporation occurs mainly through this respiratory organ. Furthermore, the fish gills are very sensitive to physical and chemical alterations of the aquatic medium such as: temperature, acidification of the water supply due to acid rain, salts and heavy metals, and to any change in the composition of the environment which is an important indicator of waterborne toxicants. fish gills are the main route of penetration of toxicants into the fish organism, thus they are the first organs which come in contact with environmental pollutants and are also sensitive subjects for identifying the effects of water toxicants on fish organisms. The fish gills can accumulate bioavailable pollutants, and their measurement on gills can reflect the speciation of pollutants, and in particular metals in water, therefore, they are a useful tool for assessing bioavailability of elements in water [5].
Liver and Kidney
Once the toxicants cross the biological barriers and enter the bloodstream, they will reach and accumulate in the internal organs of fish. Numerous studies have quantified contaminants in fish organs to evaluate environmental quality, seeking causal relationships with fish health, and, based on these, the liver is likely to be the best choice, followed by the kidney and gills. The liver is reported to be the primary organ for bioaccumulation and thus, has been extensively studied in regards to the toxic effects of xenobiotics. The liver is also a target organ due to its large blood supply which causes noticeable toxicant exposure. In addition, liver is a detoxification organ and it is essential for both, the metabolism and the excretion of toxic substances in the body. The vertebrate kidney is the main organ involved in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis [6]. The morphology and function of the kidney have been modified through evolution to fulfill different physiological requirement and the widest range of kidney types is found in fishes. The kidney, together with the gills and intestine, are responsible for excretion and the maintenance of the homeostasis of the body fluids and, besides producing urine, act as an excretory route for the metabolites of a variety of xenobiotics to which the fish may be exposed. many studies showed that different toxicants accumulate mainly in metabolic organs such as the liver and kidney which can lead to many histological alterations. Levels of heavy metals such as lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc in marine fish have been extensively documented. These metals tend to distribute differentially between the liver and kidney and other organs, most likely because of metalbinding proteins such as metallothionein’s in the metabolic organs [7].
Fish Meat
The fish meat is a very important, valuable and recommended food in the human nutrition due to low content of fat and high content of proteins and mineral substances as well as optimal ratio of unsaturated fatty acids with cardioprotective effect [8]. On the other hand, fish muscle may be the depositary for different contaminants, which occur in the water ecosystem. Such environmental pollutants are dioxins and PCBs, heavy metals, and organochlorine pesticides are a global threat to food safety, thus fish meat could lose these properties due to environmental contamination. Hydrobionts can bioaccumulate many of these contaminants potentially making seafood of concern for chronic exposure to humans. The metal concentrations in the water are positively correlated with the concentrations in fish tissues, but some research has founded that the metal concentrations in the sediments are the most important factor for their levels in the aquatic biota [9]. Consumption of fish contaminated with heavy metals have deleterious effects on human health which was widely acknowledged after a series of events in the period from 1953 to 1960 when several thousand people died in Japan as a result of poisoning caused by the consumption of mercury contaminated fish. Therefore, concern regarding the presence of heavy metals and other contaminants in seafood has arisen during the last decades.
The Moust Important Heavy Metals for Fish as a Water Pollutants
The contamination of heavy metals and metalloids in water and sediment, when occurring in higher concentrations, is a serious threat because of their toxicity, long persistence, and bioaccumulation and bio magnification in the food chain. Fishes are considered to be most significant bio monitors in aquatic systems for the estimation of metal pollution level, they offer several specific advantages in describing the natural characteristics of aquatic systems and in assessing changes to habitats. In addition, fish are located at the end of the aquatic food chain and may accumulate metals and pass them to human beings through food causing chronic or acute diseases. Studies from the field and laboratory works showed that accumulation of heavy metals in a tissue is mainly dependent on water concentrations of metals and exposure period; although some other environmental factors such as water temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, hardness, salinity, alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon may affect and play significant roles in metal’s accumulation and toxicity to fish [10]. Heavy metals are known to induce oxidative stress and carcinogenesis by mediating free reactive oxygen species. In general, metals can be categorized as biologically essential and non-essential. The nonessential metals such as Al, Cd, Hg, Sn and Pb have no proven biological function, and their toxicity rises with increasing concentrations. Essential metals such as Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Co, Mo and Fe on the other hand, have a known important bilogical roles in toxicity. The deficiency of an essential metal can therefore cause an adverse health effect, whereas its high concentration can also result in negative impacts which are equivalent to or worse than those caused by non-essential metals [11]. The toxicity of metals to fish is significantly affected by the form in which they occur in water. The ionic forms of metals or simple inorganic compounds are more toxic than complex inorganic or organic compounds. The toxic action of metals is particularly pronounced in the early stages of fish development and adversely affects various metabolic processes in developing fish, resulting in developmental retardation, morphological and functional deformities, or death of the most sensitive individuals [10]. Heavy metals produce toxic effects at high concentrations, and thus could be considered as risk factors for several diseases [11]. Heavy metals are able to disturb the integrity of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in fish that are not only an important ecosystem component, but also used as a food source [8]. Previous studies have shown that marine and farmed fish and shellfish are significant contributors to consumer intake of some contaminants due to their presence in the aquatic environment and their accumulation in the flesh of fish and shellfish.
Biomarkers can offer additional biologically and ecologically relevant information – a valuable tool for the establishment of guidelines for effective environmental management. So, it can be stated that fish biomarkers are necessary for monitoring environmentally induced alterations to assess the impact of xenobiotic compounds such as heavy metals on fish. Also, it is recommended that treatment of all kinds of wastewaters, sewage and agricultural wastes must be conducted before discharge into the aquatic systems. Also, enforcement of all articles of laws and legislations regarding the protection of aquatic environments must be taken into considerations.
An association between postpartum intrauterine Escherichia coli
and subsequent reproductive tract diseases such as purulent
vaginal discharge (PVD) and endometritis (ENDO) has been found
inconsistently in previous research. This inconsistency may
be due to differences in the pathogenicity and presence of certain
virulence factors in the various strains. The objective of this
study was to evaluate the association between the presence of
intrauterine E. coli virulence factor (VF) genes after parturition
and subsequent reproductive tract diseases in postpartum dairy cows.
Intrauterine swabs were collected from cows 4 (± 3) DIM.
The swabs were plated to identify E. coli, Trueperella pyogenes,
Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Prevotella melaninogenica. A
subgroup of the E. coli samples was submitted for colony hybridization
for identification of 40 VF genes. Purulent vaginal discharge
and ENDO were diagnosed at 35 (±7) DIM using the Metricheck device
(purulent discharge or worse) and the cytobrush technique
adapted for use in cattle (≥ 6% polymorphonuclear leukocytes),
respectively. Cows diagnosed with PVD, ENDO, or both conditions
were classified as positive for reproductive tract disease. Logistic
regression models were built using the reproductive tract disease
status as the outcome, and the bacteria and VF gene presence as the
exposure. Of the 465 cows enrolled, 52% of the uterine samples
were positive for E. coli, 34% were positive for T. pyogenes, 3%
were positive for F. necrophorum, and 1% were positive for P.
melaninogenica. A total of 152 E. coli samples were examined for VF gene
identification. Reproductive tract disease was diagnosed
in 237 cows (51%). The presence of intrauterine E. coli and T. pyogenes
was associated with greater odds of reproductive tract
disease. Cows with E. coli positive for VF genes fepC, maIX, hlyE, sitA,
irp1, irp2, fyuA, or iss had greater odds of having subsequent
reproductive tract disease compared to cows without E. coli. These VF
genes code for iron acquisition, the maltose and glucose PTS
system, hemolysin E toxin, and increased serum survival. Three of the
siderophore genes (irp1, irp2, and fyuA) are part of the core
of a high-pathogenicity islands, previously described in extraintestinal
pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) The results of this study suggest
that certain VFs are likely to contribute to the pathogenicity of E.
coli strains as they are associated with subsequent reproductive
tract disease.
Fasciolosis is a disease of sheep, cattle, goats and occasionally
humans. It is caused by a trematode called Fasciola with the two
most common species of Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) and Fasciola gigantica
(F. gigantica). The parasites encyst in the bile ducts
and liver parenchyma of animals. Fasciolosis is common in marshy water
bodies where favorable for its intermediate host. Snails of
the genus Lymnae facilitate its survival and ubiquity worldwide. The
disease causes serious economic losses annually, either directly
or indirectly, by disrupting animal production. Therefore; this
introductory review highlights on the occurrence, epidemiology,
diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of fasciolosis.
Arid and semi-arid regions of the world are characterized by
extreme climatic conditions with very low rainfall availability.
Livestock production systems located in these zones are
threatened by very high ambient temperatures as well as feed
scarcity, especially during summer months [1,2]. This scenario
is predicted to be worsened because of Global Warming, which
involves a projection of an annual increased in global surface
temperature of about 3.7 to 4.8 °C by the year 2100 [3].
Laying hens production has undergone a paradigm turnover
in its primarily concept and operation from extensive backyard
activity into a major commercial production. Antibiotics have been
used as antimicrobial growth promoters in animal to improve food
safety. However, in order to avoid the possible risk of developing
resistant pathogens, as well as to meet the public pressure of
antibiotic free animal products, the use of antibiotic in poultry diet
was totally banned in European Community.
Usage of antibiotics concerning animal nutrition and as
antimicrobial growth promoters is undoubtedly beneficial for
the improvement of zootechnical performance parameters and
prevention of disease. Nevertheless, because of the bio-security
threats for human and animal health which come from escalating
resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and the accumulation of
antibiotic residues in animal products and the environment, there
is a global need to remove antimicrobial growth promoters from
animal diets. The intensive broiler production sector of the poultry
industry is keen to optimise performance and minimise economic
losses as a result of antimicrobial growth promoter removal,
as well as ensuring the safety of broiler meat via the control or
elimination of foodborne pathogens. The beneficial potential of
various microbes and bioactive compounds have been highlighted
in enhancing animal performance and health [1]. Compared
with synthetic antibiotics or inorganic chemicals, plant-derived
products have proven to be less toxic, residue free and are thought
to be ideal feed additives in food animal production [2]. Advances
in chemistry and identification of plant compounds which are
effective in the treatment of certain diseases have renewed interest
in herbal medicines. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous
herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.
The tumeric extract is a yellow-orange poly-phenol and its usual
form is a dry yellow powder that is oil-soluble in its natural state.
The active ingredients are tetrahydrocurcuminoids, curcumin,
demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycutcumin [3]. Curcumin
(diferuloyl methane) the natural yellow pigment in the roots of
turmeric, is a poly-phenolic compound that is isolated from the
rhizomes of tumeric. It represents about 4% of the dry weight of the
extract. Curcumin, which gives yellow colour to turmeric rhizomes,
is one of the most active ingredients, responsible for the biological
activity.To know more click on below link.
This present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of
brucellosis and blue tongue in a trans humane sheep flock of
Tamil Nadu, India. This Sheep flock had a history of inconsistent
abortion, repeat breeder, poor fertility rate and higher prevalence
of still birth. Serum samples were collected from sheep by random
sampling. Serum samples were subjected to Rose Bengal Plate
agglutination test (RBT) and ELISA. The risk factors like pregnancy,
abortion, age and sex were correlated to the Brucella seropositivity.
This study also assessed for the presence of Bluetongue in aborted
sheep. It was found that ELISA could be the choice of test for
testing of Brucellosis (with the percentage of 57.14). Clinically
healthy rams were found to be with brucellosis seropositivity and
posed infertility to ewes. It was observed that in trans humane flocks.
Brucellosis and Blue tongue has a confounding phenomenon
for ovine abortions.
A 14-days old female Holstein calve was referred to the Large Animals Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Selcuk
University with a history of inappetence, weight loss and lethargy. On the initial examination, severe anemic mucosal membranes
bilateral distended jugular veins and 4/6 degree holo-systolic tricuspidal murmur were presented. Echocardiographic and
ultrasonographic findings showed LV systolic dysfunction and Right sided congestive heart failure. The high levels of CK-MB and
cardiac troponin I demonstrated severe cardiac injury.
Fibromatous epulis, is a rare growth affecting the gingival mucosa of
neonates. It is benign condition seen more frequently in
females with multiple Epuli occurring in only 10% of cases. The cause
and origin of fibromatous epulis remains unclear. This clinical
investigations discussed about the epidemiology, clinical outcome,
concurrent infection, biochemical and complete blood profile
of a buffalo calf positive for epulis. Epulis arising from the upper and
lower gingival margin, which were successfully managed
therapeutically.
Buffalo herds are an important part of the agricultural economy but,
unfortunately, this production chain is still not valued as
such in some countries, presenting yields lower than expected. This
review of the literature aims at discussing the importance of
buffalo herds for the milk production in several countries and the need
for increasing the production yields of this species. Buffaloes
are even more important for the economies of developing countries, where
the economic activity is based primarily on agriculture
as in some Asian countries. Although all buffalo parts can be
commercially explored, buffalo milk derivatives are the most profitable.
Therefore, maximizing the yields of both meat and milk is highly
desirable.
In medicine, “” signifies “a flow through”, likewise characterized
as “the entry of at least three free or fluid stools every day, more
much of the time than is typical for the identity” [1,2]. On the
off chance that left untreated, diarrhoea can prompt extreme
drying out, which can bring about hospitalization or even demise.
Dysentery disease is broad everywhere throughout the world,
debilitates human wellbeing as well as incredibly impact society
and worldwide economy. The casualty rate by dysentery disease
exceedingly positions fourth among every one of the diseases, just
lower than tumor, Cardiovascular or Cerebral vessels sicknesses
and diabetes mellitus, impacts are more awful in creating nations
and low income nations and it has wound up one of issues of the
overall real general wellbeing. WHO treats the sort out of diarrhoea
infection as worldwide technique and furthermore as per the plan
of control of dysentery ailment was sanctioned in May, 1978.
Dairying in India is not just a large economic activity but also an
integral part of our social and cultural heritage. Trusting
capabilities of our farmers and integrating them with superior, even
imported, technology, feed and fodder is the way ahead. The
sector requires renewed attention and investments from Government and
agricultural research and development community.
The Dairy business provides employment to the landless and land owners
alike and the income thus generated checks urban to
rural migration. In addition, milk, being a complete nutrition, will
play a key role in combating malnutrition and poverty. India’s
market potential and current growth rate of traditional dairy products
is unmatched. Reconfiguration of the supply chain will not
only require introduction of technology for large scale manufacture but
also a second intervention in terms of a business model to
expand the demand of traditional products in future and upscale their
quality standards. Foreign firms have been closely examining
Telangana’s suitability as a destination for foreign direct investment
(FDI). With a population of 35,286,757 and a GDP of $53.9
billion, there is ample room in India’s newest State for exceptional
growth. The industrial policy framework is driven by the slogan.
In Telangana Innovate, Incubate, And Incorporate”. The industrial policy
announced by the Government provides a business
regulatory environment where doing business would be as easy as shaking
hands. It is expected that the most significant outcome
of this approach will be the production of high quality VIJAYA milk
products at the most competitive price, which establishes “Made
in Telangana - Made in India as a brand with has already attained high
global recognition.To know more click on below link.
Failure to passage a part or all of the allantochorionic membrane
with or without the amniotic membranes within a prescribed
period of the time after parturition is known as Retention of the
Fetal Membranes (RFM). The length of time for expulsion of
placenta in mare varies among authors from 30 minutes to 6-12
hours Vandeplassche [1], Blanchard [2] and Provercher [3].To know more click on below link.
Singed Skin-on meat from Red Sokoto Goat is favourably consumed in
Nigeria, different singeing materials: kerosene, wood,
scrap tyre, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) randomly assigned to singed Red
Sokoto Goats to evaluate the quantity of singeing materials,
duration of singeing, quantity of detergents and time take to clean up
the carcass. Significant difference (P<0.05) exist in the quantum
of singeing materials and detergent used, the time required to remove
soot and other particulate matter from singeing was least
in LPG singed carcass (15.04 Minutes) while the duration for removing
the physical and certain chemical contaminants from the
carcass was significantly similar. Even though the quantity of tyre used
was least, the duration of singeing using tyre was more than
that of LPG. It was noted that the quantity of detergent in LPG and tyre
singed carcass were highest while the quantity and duration
of singeing were highest in wood and kerosene. Particulate matter
emitted during singeing process poses threat to safety of life both
on land and below water henceforth singeing should be replaced with
other carcass dressing methods with strict policy.
It is known that long time before artificial insemination (AI)
technology had only a single institution nationally i.e. National
Artificial Insemination Center (NAIC) and which is found in Addis Ababa
City, Kality area that is serving the community at national
level. But now the government has given great emphasis establishing
other four semen and liquid nitrogen production and
distribution centers in four regional states. From these four AI
technologies centers, one of them is instituted in Nekemte town,
western Oromia, Ethiopia. This manual was conducted on procedures and
utilization of artificial insemination (AI) technologies in
Nekemte semen and liquid nitrogen and production and distribution
centre, to determine how this technology is performed and
to identify and evaluate the challenges and opportunities to
characterize this technology. This manual was conducted to assess
problems and constraints associated with the AI technologies, its
adoption, utilizations and public awareness in the center and
the community in the area. So, this manual indicates the procedures of
this technology starting from the beginning of the selection
of sound semen producing bulls up to the delivery of AI bred calves.
During conducting this manual, it has been noted that after
selection of bulls for breeding and up to the production of semen
containing mini straws, it is passed through high complicated and
tedious laboratory procedures which requires high techniques and efforts
in addition to liquid nitrogen production. Therefore, the
community should be aware of about this technology and use it properly
for basic change.
The objective of this herd-level study was to identify risk factors
for an elevated prevalence of postpartum diseases such as
displaced abomasum, Hyperketonemia, purulent vaginal discharge,
cytological endometritis, leukocyte esterase endometritis,
and prolonged anovulation. A total of 100 commercial dairy farms
participated in the study for which the unit of interest was
the herd. Forty cows per herd (or all of the cows calving within a
1-year period if smaller than forty cows) were enrolled in the
study representing a total of 3,776 cows which were followed until they
reached 60 days in milk (DIM). Cows were examined for
retained placenta (≥ 24h after calving), displaced abomasum (1-60DIM),
Hyperketonemia (1-14DIM), purulent vaginal discharge
(30-43DIM), cytological endometritis (30-43 DIM), leukocyte esterase
endometritis (30-43DIM), and prolonged anovulation (30-
57DIM). A number of management variables were also collected, including
season, average herd size, average parity, housing
systems for lactating cows and at calving, and type of bedding at
calving. The prevalence of each of these diseases or management
variables was computed. Logistic regression models were used to identify
herd-level risk factors for the elevated prevalence of
postpartum diseases in farms. Risk factors for an elevated prevalence of
displaced abomasum included ≥5.0% retained placenta,
≥10.0% Hyperketonemia, smaller herd size (≤87 lactating cows), and cold
season (November to April) of calving. Risk factors for an
elevated prevalence of hyperketonemia were the tie-stall housing system
at calving, herd average parity ≥2.7, and ≥5.0% retained
placenta. Risk factors for an elevated prevalence of purulent vaginal
discharge included ≥5.0% retained placenta, wood shavings as
bedding at calving, and cold season (November to April) of calving. Risk
factors for an elevated prevalence of cytological endometritis
included ≥5.0% retained placenta, ≥10.0% hyperketonemia, and tie-stall
housing system at calving. Risk factors for an elevated
prevalence of leukocyte esterase endometritis were the same as for
cytological endometritis. Risk factors for an elevated prevalence
of prolonged anovulation were ≥10.0% Hyperketonemia, ≥17.5% cytological
endometritis, and cold season (November to April) of
calving. Overall, an elevated prevalence of retained placenta and
Hyperketonemia were two common risk factors for herds with an
excessive prevalence of reproductive tract diseases and prolonged
anovulation.
Thermal stress or heat stress can be defined as the sum of external forces to a homoeothermic animal that acts to displace body temperature from the resting state. Such a stress can disrupt the physiologic and productive performance of an animal. The increase in body temperature caused by heat stress has direct, adverse consequences on cellular functions. The livestock’s by homeotherms to the stabilize body temperature within fairly narrow limits is essential to control biochemical reactions and physiological processes within normal metabolism [1]. In order to maintain homeothermy, an animal must be in thermal equilibrium with its environment, which includes radiation, air temperature, air movement and humidity. Body temperature is regulated by modulation of metabolic heat production and heat loss from the body through sensible and insensible means. The deviation in ambient temperature below or above the thermoneutral zone (5- 250C) causes thermal stress to the animals. Cattle and buffaloes can maintain their physiological processes within the normal limits in an ambient temperature of 5-250C [2]. Hot humid season is more stressful to livestock species compared to hot dry season mainly due to lower evaporate and heat loss from the animal body. The evaporate heat loss takes place through respiratory tract (panting) and skin surface (sweating) in animals. Nonevaporate heat exchange occurs through conduction, convection and radiation and depends on temperature gradients between animal and surrounding environment and vice versa. Heat stress causes behavioral and metabolic changes and thereby reduces feed intake and metabolic activity and ultimately decline in animal’s productivity.
