Occurance of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis in Poultry| Lupine Publisher

  Journal of Veterinary Science| Lupine Publishers

Opinion

Mycotoxins are biologically active, toxic metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi mainly belonging to Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species, which invade crops in the field and may grow on feedstuffs during storage under favourable conditions of temperature and humidity [1]. FAO estimated that about 25% of food and feedstuffs are contaminated with mycotoxins and strong efforts have been made to decontaminate them by the use of physical and chemical adsorbents but the success made so far is limited [2]. Like other environmental pollutants, mycotoxins also adversely affect the health and productivity in animals and esecially in poultry [3,4]. The economy of poultry industry is heavily affected due to wide mycotoxin exposure or contamination of various agricultural commodities. The economic losses are primarily due to the decreased growth rate, feed conversion efficacy, carcass yield, carcass quality and increased susceptibility to other diseases caused due to their immunosuppressive effects among the affected poultry. A mycotoxicosis is a disease caused by a natural toxin produced by a fungus. In poultry, this usually results when toxin producing fungi grow in grain and feed. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified, and many are pathogenic. Mycotoxins may have additive or synergistic effects with other natural toxins, infectious agents, and nutritional deficiencies. Many are chemically stable and maintain toxicity over time. Out of more than 350 mycotoxins identified in nature, aflatoxins, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, vomitoxin, zearalenone, ochratoxins, ergot alkaloids, oosporein, cyclopiazonic acid, and tricothecenes are the most common and important in poultry [5].

Mycotoxicosis and Their Effect in Poultry

Aflatoxicosis: The aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic metabolites such as Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxicosis in poultry primarily affects the liver but can involve immunologic, digestive, and hematopoietic functions. Aflatoxin can adversely affect weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, pigmentation, carcass yield, egg production, male and female fertility, and large hatchability problems. Some effects are directly attributable to toxins, whereas others are indirect, such as reduced feed intake. Susceptibility to aflatoxins varies, but in general, ducklings, turkeys, and pheasants are susceptible, while chickens and Japanese quail are relatively resistant. Clinical signs vary from general unthriftiness to high morbidity and mortality. At necropsy the lesions are found mainly in the liver, which can be due to necrosis and congestion or yellow due to lipid accumulation. Hemorrhages may occur in liver and other tissues. In chronic aflatoxicosis, the liver becomes yellow to gray and atrophied.

Fusariotoxicosis: The genus Fusarium produces many mycotoxins injurious to poultry. The trichothecene mycotoxins produce caustic and radiomimetic patterns of disease exemplified by T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS). Deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin, DON) and zearalenone are common trichothecene mycotoxins that are relatively nontoxic for poultry but may cause disease in large concetratin in feed. Fusariotoxicosis in poultry caused by the trichothecenes results in feed refusal, caustic injury of the oral mucosa and areas of the skin in contact with the mold,acute digestive disease, and injury to the bone marrow and immune system [3]. Lesions include necrosis and ulceration of the oral mucosa, gastro intestinal mucosa, mottling of the liver, atrophy of the spleen and other lymphoid organs, and visceral hemorrhages. In laying hens, decreased egg production can be accompanied by depression, recumbency, feed refusal, and cyanosis evident in the comb and wattles [6]. Other Fusarium mycotoxins cause defective growth of long bones.

Ochratoxicosis: Ochratoxins are quite toxic to poultry. These nephrotoxins are produced chiefly by Penicillium viridicatum and Aspergillus ochraceus in grains and feed. Ochratoxicosis causes primarily renal disease but also affects the liver, immune system, and bone marrow. Severe intoxication causes reduced spontaneous activity, huddling, hypothermia, diarrhea, rapid weight loss, and death. Moderate intoxication impairs weight gain, feed conversion ratio, pigmentation, carcass yield, egg production, fertility, and hatchability [5, 6].

Ergotism: Toxic ergot alkaloids are produced by Claviceps spp, which are fungi that attack cereal grains. The mycotoxins form in the sclerotium, a visible, hard, dark mass of mycelium that displaces the grain tissue. Within the sclerotium are the ergot alkaloids, which affect the nervous system, causing convulsive and sensory neurologic disorders, the vascular system, causing vasoconstriction and gangrene of the extremities and the endocrine system, including neuroendocrine control of the anterior pituitary gland. In chicks, the toes become discolored due to vasoconstriction and ischemia. In older poultry, vasoconstriction affects the comb, wattles, face, and eyelids, which become atrophied and disfigured. Vesicles and ulcers develop on the shanks of the legs and on the tops and sides of the toes. In laying hens, feed consumption and egg production are reduced [6].

Mycotoxicosis Diagnosis in Poultry

Mycotoxicosis should be suspected when the history, signs, and lesions are suggestive of feed intoxication, and especially when moldy ingredients or feed are evident. Toxin exposure associated with consumption of a new batch of feed may result in subclinical or transient disease. Chronic or intermittent exposure can occur in regions where grain and feed ingredients are of poor quality or when feed storage is substandard or prolonged. Impaired production can be a clue to a mycotoxin problem, as can improvement because of correction of feed management deficiencies. Definitive diagnosis involves detection and quantitation of the specific toxins. This can be difficult because of the rapid and high volume use of feed and ingredients in poultry operations. Diagnostic laboratories differ in their respective capabilities to test for mycotoxins and should be contacted before sending samples. Feed and also poultry that are showing sings of sicknes or recently dead should be submitted for pathological examinatios. A necropsy and related diagnostic tests should accompany feed analysis if mycotoxicosis is suspected. Concurrent diseases can adversely affect production and should be considered. Sometimes, a mycotoxicosis is suspected but not confirmed by feed analysis. In these situations, a complete laboratory evaluation can exclude other significant diseases. Feed and ingredient samples should be properly collected and promptly submitted for analysis. Mycotoxin formation can be localized in a batch of feed or grain. Multiple samples taken from different sites increase the likelihood of confirming a mycotoxin formation zone. Samples should be collected at sites of ingredient storage, feed manufacture and transport, feed bins, and feeders [5, 6].

Prevention of Mycotoxicosis in Poultry

Prevention of mycotoxicoses should focus on using feed and ingredients free of mycotoxins and on management practices that prevent mold growth and mycotoxin formation during feed transport and storage. Regular inspection of feed storage and feeding systems can identify flow problems, which allow residual feed and enhance fungal activity and mycotoxin formation. Mycotoxins can form in decayed, crusted feed in feeders, feed mills, and storage bins, cleaning and correcting the problem can have immediate benefits. Temperature extremes cause moisture condensation and migration in bins and promote mycotoxin formation. Ventilation of poultry houses to avoid high relative humidity also decreases the moisture available for fungal growth and toxin formation in the feed. Antifungal agents added to feeds to prevent fungal growth have no effect on toxin already formed but may be cost effective in conjunction with other feed management practices [6]. Propionic acid are effective inhibitor, but the effectiveness may be reduced by the particle size of feed ingredients and the buffering effect of certain ingredients. Sorbent compounds such as hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate effectively bind and prevent absorption of aflatoxin. Esterified glucomannan, derived from the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is protective against aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxins. It reduces toxicity through the binding and reduction in bioavailability of fumonisins, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin. Various other fermentation products, algae and plant extracts, and microbial feed additives have demonstrated ability to bind or degrade mycotoxins and may be applicable and appropriate for the situation.

Acknowledgement

The paper is a part of the research work on the project III 46012 financed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

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Effects of Turmeric Powder (Curcuma Longa) in Laying Hens Nutrition: Table Eggs Production, Quality and Lipid Profile| Lupine Publisher

  Journal of Veterinary Science| Lupine Publishers

Opinion

Laying hens production has undergone a paradigm turnover in its primarily concept and operation from extensive backyard activity into a major commercial production. Antibiotics have been used as antimicrobial growth promoters in animal to improve food safety. However, in order to avoid the possible risk of developing resistant pathogens, as well as to meet the public pressure of antibiotic free animal products, the use of antibiotic in poultry diet was totally banned in European Community [1]. Various alternatives of phyto additives have been studied in order to maximize the growth performance of laying hens in the diets without antibiotics. Compared with synthetic antibiotics or inorganic chemicals, these plant derived products have proved to be less toxic, residue free and are thought to be ideal feed additives in food animal production [1]. Egg yolk colour is very important feature, which determines the acceptability of the product and depends on the presence and profile of carotenoids in feed. Laying hens have no ability to synthesise pigments by their own biochemical processes; thus the colour of egg yolk depends on the presence and utilisation of pigments present in the feed. In order to achieve appropriate colour of the yolks, hens diets should be supplemented with yellow or red pigments, natural or synthetic. Food producers pay much more attention towards colours of natural origin, since many synthetic pigments have been shown to impart negative health effects [2]. Synthetic pigments, canthaxanthin and apoester, are most commonly used as commercial sources of colours. However, some research data suggest that these substances can negatively affect human health. Canthaxanthin has been reported as a potential skin and eye irritant. Also, a high dietary intake level of canthaxanthin results in deposition of colour crystals in the retina. Therefore, dietary intake level of canthaxanthin is limited for humans to 0.03mg/kg body weight. The use of synthetic pigments in organic production is completely banned while in some countries, like Sweden, government regulation does not allow the use of synthetic pigments even in non-organic commercial production. Consequently, due to their harmfulness and increase of consumers’ awareness, there is a growing interest in replacing synthetic pigments with natural [2]. Curcumin was effective in reducing both liver and serum cholesterol level [3]. Addition of 0.50 or 1.0% turmeric increased egg weight, egg mass, egg production significantly [4]. Researchs reported that 2g/kg of turmeric powder decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR), increased yolk color, decreased serum triglycerides, total and LDL-cholesterol [5].

Effects of Tumeric Powder on Table Egg Production and Quality

Researchers had [6] reported that egg production, weight and mass increased significantly in laying hens fed turmeric powder at the level of 0.5% in the basal diet, while yolk weight and yolk index were significantly higher in the treatment fed with 1.0% turmeric powder addition in the feed. The same researchers [6] have suggested that tumeric powder can improve the environment in the uterus (specifically the site of calcium deposition) and consequently increase shell weight and thickness. Investigation in other research [7] found no significant effect of diet supplementig with 0.1% tumeric powder on hen house egg production and percent hen day egg production of laying hens. Also reports [7] have showen that different levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0g/kg of feed) of turmeric powder in laying hens nutrition had no significant effect on specific gravity, egg shell thickness, egg shell weight and eggs shell weight to egg weight ratio. The addition of 0.5 or 1.0 % turmeric powder significantly increased the egg production. However, these levels numerically increased the body weight gain and feed intake as compared to hens fed basal diet [6]. Investigation showed that dietary supplementation of turmeric at 1.0 g/kg did not influence hen house egg production as well as hen day egg production [8]. Egg production was the highest in the laying hens fed diet with 0.5 % turmeric powder and the lowest in the laying hens fed the control diet [5]. Turmeric powder supplementation up to 4 % in the ration of laying hens showed a significant effect to improve egg production and the improved egg production performance which was apparently maintained by turmeric supplementation along the 3 periods of experiment [9].

Effects of Tumeric on Lipid Profile in Laying Hens

Turmeric powder at 1% level decreased total lipid, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol without any statistically significant differences. The decrease of total lipid and cholesterol may be due to the effect of essential oil compounds present in the turmeric on lipid metabolism [6]. Reports showed that turmeric powder (0.05; 0.10 and 0.15%) had positive effect on lowering blood triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Turmeric also improved HDL-cholesterol and might be used as an ingredient in laying hens diet for manipulating egg composition on fatty acids basis. Adding enzyme along with turmeric significantly decreased blood triglyceride, total and LDL-cholesterol [10]. Supplementation of 500 mg of tumeric per day for seven days significantly lowered lipid peroxidase, increased HDL-cholesterol, lowered total serum cholesterol. Tumeric lowered blood cholesterol concentrations through expression induction of CYP7A1 [11]. Tumeric powder lowered LDL-cholesterol and Apo B form complex lipoproteins with LDL-cholesterol. Lipoproteins were synthesized and released from the liver. Low levels of Apo B showed lower levels of LDL-cholesterol [10], stated that the laying hens fed with turmeric powder in concetration of 4.5 and 6.0g/kg of feed showed the maximum percentage reduction in blood glucose (6.75%) as compared to laying hens fed with 1.5 and 3g/kg of turmeric powder, respectively. Investigations have showed that adding turmeric powder at 3% level reduced AST and ALT concentrations [8] and demonstrate antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects of ginger and turmeric powders [12]. Adding turmeric powder to older laying hen diets affected their serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDLcholesterol, while the hens fed with standard feed had the higher triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels.

Acknowledgement

The paper is a part of the research work on the project III 46012 financed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

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Effects of Turmeric Powder (Curcuma Longa) in Broiler Nutrition: Coccidiosis and Antioxidative Status| Lupine Publisher

 Journal of Veterinary Science| Lupine Publishers

Opinion

Usage of antibiotics concerning animal nutrition and as antimicrobial growth promoters is undoubtedly beneficial for the improvement of zootechnical performance parameters and prevention of disease. Nevertheless, because of the bio-security threats for human and animal health which come from escalating resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and the accumulation of antibiotic residues in animal products and the environment, there is a global need to remove antimicrobial growth promoters from animal diets. The intensive broiler production sector of the poultry industry is keen to optimise performance and minimise economic losses as a result of antimicrobial growth promoter removal, as well as ensuring the safety of broiler meat via the control or elimination of foodborne pathogens. The beneficial potential of various microbes and bioactive compounds have been highlighted in enhancing animal performance and health [1]. Compared with synthetic antibiotics or inorganic chemicals, plant-derived products have proven to be less toxic, residue free and are thought to be ideal feed additives in food animal production [2]. Advances in chemistry and identification of plant compounds which are effective in the treatment of certain diseases have renewed interest in herbal medicines. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. The tumeric extract is a yellow-orange poly-phenol and its usual form is a dry yellow powder that is oil-soluble in its natural state. The active ingredients are tetrahydrocurcuminoids, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycutcumin [3]. Curcumin (diferuloyl methane) the natural yellow pigment in the roots of turmeric, is a poly-phenolic compound that is isolated from the rhizomes of tumeric. It represents about 4% of the dry weight of the extract. Curcumin, which gives yellow colour to turmeric rhizomes, is one of the most active ingredients, responsible for the biological activity.

Anti-Coccidial Effects of tumeric

Avian coccidiosis is an intestinal disease caused by several species of Eimeria protozoa and represents an economically important parasitic infection for the poultry industry worldwide. Coccidiosis is one of the most detrimental and lethal management diseases of poultry. It causes high mortality in affected flocks. Researches [4] found maximum coccidiostatic effect with turmeric added at 3% levels in the diet as compared to other infected groups receiving turmeric containing rations, which were comparable with using a standard coccidiostat. In the same study, the peak excretion of oocysts was delayed about 1 or 2 days relative to the control infected group. Reports [5] showed that faecal oocyst shedding from birds experimentally infected with E. acervulina was significantly decreased when broiler chickens were fed with a diet containing tumeric, while others [6] reported that curcumin at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μM showed considerable effects on Emeria tenella sporozoite morphology and viability in a dose dependent manner after incubation over 3, 6, 18 and 24 hours. In the same experiment, in comparison to the untreated control, sporozoite infectivity was reduced at curcumin concentrations of 100 and 200 μM by 41.6% and 72.8%, respectively. Results of trials reported that midsmall intestinal lesion scores induced by Emeria maxima were reduced in broilers fed with 1% dietary turmeric during infection [7]. Diferent resersh have suggested [6] that the ability of curcumin (diferuloylmethane) to kill extra cellular stages of E. tenella could be due to its cytotoxic damage affecting parasite viability, morphology and hence activity. Studies [7] have proposed the anticoccidial activity of turmeric is due to its antioxidant properties.

Antioxidant Effects of Tumeric in Poultry

Free radicals induce oxidative damage to macromolecules, cells and tissues that consequently leads to increased morbidity and mortality rates, with substantial economical losses. Reports suggested that turmeric neutralises superoxide radicals. Investigation [8] reported that catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration increased significantly when basal feed of broilers chicks was supplemented with 0.3 and 0.6g/ kg turmeric powder. In the same experiment, the concentration of melanodealdehyde (MDA), an indicator of oxidative stress, decreased significantly when turmeric was added into the feed at the rate of 0.3g/kg. Aloso some researchers [9] showed that total antioxidant activity and SOD concentrations improved by addition of 0.5% turmeric powder in the diet. Several studies have shown that curcumin has a strong capability for scavenging superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide (NO) from activated macrophages, reducing iron complex and inhibiting lipid peroxidation [10, 11]. Curcumin is known to augment antioxidant status especially through SOD which could be due to the increased expression of SOD gene in the chickens fed turmeric. Antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT within the peroxisomes and cytosolic GPx, are involved in the conversion of hydrogen peroxide, a powerful and potentially harmful oxidizing agent, into water and molecular oxygen [12]. Curcumin has a unique conjugated structure including two methoxylated phenols and an enol form of ß-diketone and the structure shows a typical radical trapping activity as a chainbreaking antioxidant. Investigations suggested that dietary turmeric lowers lipid peroxidation by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, also it has been reported that tumeric may help to prevent antioxidant deficiency with resulting protection of mitochondria against premature oxidative damage with loss of ATP synthesis and specialized cellular functions.

Acknowledgement

The paper is a part of the research work on the project III 46012 financed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

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Report of Outbreak of Ruminal Impaction Due to Indigestible Foreign Bodies in Sheep, in Northwest of Iran| Lupine Publisher

 Journal of Veterinary Science| Lupine Publishers

Abstract 

Background

Small ruminants are known to play a very important role in food security in developing countries such as Iran. 

Objective

The objective of the study was to identify types and estimate the prevalence of foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of involved sheep in the area, and also to evaluate the surgical approach prognosis. 

Results

Epidemic occurred in northwestern of Iran. After referring two cases with ruminal impaction to Tehran Veterinary Hospital, a precise clinical examination, epidemiology study, and a herd survey were done. Ultimately, surgery was selected to correct the problem. The incidence and mortality of the disorder were recorded 6/25% and 3.3% respectively. The prognosis of surgical approach was estimated 90%. On clinical examination of the ram revealed dullness, dehydration, scanty faeces and slight distension of the abdomen at paralumbar fossa. The number of respiration increased, and breathing was accompanied by groan and difficulty in breathing. The foreign bodies were about 2 kilogram in weight and was comprised of rope and plastic in mixed with feces. 

Conclusion: It was concluded that large economic losses occur due to ingestion of foreign bodies in sheep. It’s conducted that ruminal impaction can result of grazing sheep in polluted pastures with plastics or ropes or other indigestible material or in poor pastures that result in ingestion even the rare foreign bodies. In addition, it was concluded that surgical approach can be helpful in these cases with acceptable prognosis.

Keywords 

Sheep Rumen Impaction; Surgical Approach; Foreign Body; Iran

Introduction 

Small ruminants (sheep and goats) are known to play a very important role in food security in developing countries such as Iran. This is associated with their small litter size as it favours low investment, small risk of loss and their reproductive efficiency Omoike [1] Bwala [2]. Of world’s 1.6 billion sheep and 475 million goats, 65% and 75% respectively are located in developing countries Tesfaye [3]. The presence of foreign materials in the rumen and reticulum hampers the absorption of volatile fatty acids and consequently, reduces the rate of animal fattening Igbokwe [4], Roman and Hiwot, [5], Tesfaye [3]. The prevalence of foreign bodies in sheep in different studies were as 9, 29, and 30 in abattoir investigations Tesfaye [3]; Teshome [6], Nigussu Fasil [7]. The most foreign bodies identified were plastic bags, then rope and cloth Abebe & Nuru [8], Roman & Hiwot [5]; Sheferaw [9]; Tesfaye [3]. Surgical operation as experimental studies or in case studies (in both small and large ruminant), was successfully done in ruminal impaction Ghurashi [10], Also, 2017; Suthar [11]. In Iran, small ruminants are left to roam and seek their own feed as the raising system is mainly extensive type. The areas available for grazing, particularly in the case for animals reared in the urban and sub-urban areas are polluted with plastics, ropes, hair, wool and metals. In this condition, sheep and goats are very likely to be exposed to various infectious diseases and the ingestion of indigestible materials of various sources. The aim of this report was to investigate the incidence and mortality of this outbreak and was to evaluate the prognosis of surgical operation.

Materials and Methods

Area Description Disease occurred in northwestern of Iran. The area is semi-arid with Semi-tropical climate, leads to a shortage of food and poor vegetation in the warm seasons. History of Cases Two pregnant ewes, were referred to the Tehran university hospital with signs of Bruxism and inappetence. The accurate examination was done and the history was taken from the farmer. The flock consisted of 300 sheep. Apart from these two cases, some other cases were involved in the flock, and a number of livestocks were also dead. Laboratory Tests Complete blood count (CBC) and radiograph from abdominal were taken.

Results 

Clinical signs

Ewes showed dullness, dehydration, scanty faeces and slight distension of the abdomen at paralumbar fossa. 48 cases were involved with the clinical disease (6/25%). Of these, 10 have been slaughtered; in autopsy, the presence of foreign bodies was confirmed. The mortality rate was 3.3% and case fatality was 20.8%. Both ewes had a rectal temperature of about 39.4. The heart rate was recorded at 150 and 102 beats per minute. The respiratory rate was 35 and 40 breaths per minute. The number of respiration increased, and breathing was accompanied by groaning and difficulty in breathing. Within 2 minutes, no sound was heard in the paralumbar fossa. The rumen was touched out of the rigid and massive body. Mouth was frothy. The mucus was pale in both sheep, and in sheep number 2, the lymphatic nodes slightly enlarged. 

Complete Blood Count (CBC) Results

 Sheep numb 2 showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia, high fibrinogen and Plasma protein rate that indicate the inflammation and probably bacterial infection and or Peritoneum infection (Table 1). Sheep numb 1 showed regenerative anemia with thrombocytopenia, seemingly normal leucon (Table 1). 

Radiology Result

Radiograph was taken from abdominal cavity in lateral position. In radiograph, a radio-opaque density was revealed at the ruminal topographic area (Figure1). Surgical Therapy: After confirmation of diagnosis in radiology, surgical operation was done in both cases. Paralumbar fossa was chosen as an approach, using paravertebral nerve block was (Figure 2). In rumen the huge foreign body was detected and extracted. It was about 2 kilograms in weight and was comprised of foreign bodies like rope and plastic in mixed with feces (Figure 3). The rumen contents were extracted totally, and then the rumen, abdominal muscles and skin were sutured. 8 more severe cases were referred to the Tehran university hospital for surgical operation. Totally ten severe cases were surgically treated. Nine cases were recovered after a week and started to increase food intake and appetite increased. One case involved with secondary infection and died after three days. So the prognosis of surgical approach was estimated 90 % (Table 1). Table 1: CBC result in two pregnant

Discussion

In the semiarid region of central Iran, the dry season is from May to August. Pasture and supplementary concentrate feed for intensive livestock management are limited and expensive. As a result, most livestock farmers adopt a free-range management system in the urban and semi-urban communities where their animals, mostly sheep and goats, scavenge for food, often going into dumps, which are around the towns. However, the ingestion of indigestible materials may occur during the period of food scarcity Igbokwe[4], Roman and Hiwot [5] Reports from cattle and sheep reared within urban and suburban environments indicated that impaction of the rumen resulted from the accumulation of foreign bodies, such as plastic bags which cause interference with flow of ingesta leading to the distension of rumen and absence of defection Roman and Hiwot [5] The fact that rumen impaction by these foreign bodies is mostly asymptomatic in nature and only diagnosed in live animals if the material is accumulated in large amount and thus, in contrary with this study, most studies were done in abattoirs. This was indicated that in this outbreak, both food scarcity and environmental pollution were happen simultaneously, and due to clinical disease. In Hashemiasl study [12] the radiographic approach was used to diagnose the abomasal phytobezoariasis in sheep. Results of this investigation showed that radiography of the abdominal area, 92 % can diagnose the disorder Hashemiasl [12]. Further more in our study, radiology was used to confirmation diagnosis. In Tesfaye and et al study, from each 288 sheep and goats examined, 28(9.7%) and 25(8.7%) were positive for various types of foreign bodies, respectively Tesfaye [3]. In the same survey, A total of 384 sheep and goats were selected using systematic random sampling method and 118 of them (30.73%) were found positive for foreign bodies in their rumen and/or reticulum Nigussu Fasil [7]. In Teshome and et al investigation the prevalence of foreign bodies in Abattoir, was significantly higher in sheep (29.6%) and goat (16.7%) than cattle (14%) Teshome [6]. In this study, the outbreak of disease was happened and 6.25 % had the clinical signs, but obviously the present of foreign bodies, with no clinical symptom, was significantly more. In Ghurashi et al experimental study, it is concluded that, surgical removal of the foreign body did improve the health of the animals under investigation Ghurashi [10], also weight gaining was increased during the following weeks. This is consistent with the results of this paper. In our study, gradually after a week, food intake and weight gaining were increased and the prognosis of surgical approach was determined 90%. Also in Asrat case study in 2017, the cattle with ruminal impaction due to indigestible foreign bodies, around 10kg of foreign materials were removed and the animal regained normalcy successfully (Also, 2017). In suthar et al study in 2011, 8 cattle with ruminal impaction were operated and impacted masses were taken out from the rumen, 5 cases out of 8 were recovered (62%) and others died after few days Suthar [11]. In this study, a large part of the foreign body was in the rumen and small pieces of the reticulum were removed. This finding was in general agreement with the findings of Abebe and Nuru [8], Roman and Hiwot [5] and Tesfaye [3] and may be attributed to the larger rumen volume, the cumulative size/s and material composition of the foreign bodies, and the types of materials, with metals and sharp objects tending to localize preferentially in reticulum Radostits [13], Negash [14]. In Abdullahi and et al study, the haematological parameters of sheep with rumen impaction were within the normal range Abdullahi [15]. In this paper also no pathognomonic changes were found. Pica as one reason of ruminal impaction, may sometimes not be associated with phosphorus deficiency, but rather related to poor nutrition, anemia, iron and cobalt deficiencies and other unknown causes Fraser and Broom [16]; Igbokwe [4]. We also recorded anemia in one case with unknown reason, but because of the outbreak of disease, it can be concluded that the main reason of ruminal impaction in this study is poor and contaminated pasture.

Conclusion

It was concluded that a large economic loss can occur due to ingestion of foreign bodies in sheep. Author believe that the success of surgical operation, depends on both the surgeon’s skill and the general condition of the patient. And also it was concluded that surgical approach can be helpful in these cases with acceptable prognosis. This condition can be controlled with additional feeding with High quality foods, and Avoidance of grazing on poor and contaminated pastures.

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